Analysis of an important sources related to the previous research Term Paper

Analysis of an important sources related to the previous research - Term Paper Example Durkheim firmly believed that sociology is the ‘science of  institutions’, which aimed to delineate the structural "social facts" (Durkheim, 1895, 13).   He opined that social science should be holistic in nature and appeal, meaning that sociology should be the study of various incidents from the lives of common men which can be associated with the society at large, instead of just limiting oneself to studying the actions of just one individual. It is this very aspect that prompted me to choose Durkheim’s book Suicide (first published in 1897), for my research paper. The book enables one to comprehend the fact that suicide by a certain section of the population (young male population) at regular intervals reflects a grave social problem. It is thus necessary that we view the various instances of the young male suicides in UK together as one incident, and examine this incident from a broader social perspective, with a holistic angle. Durkheim believed that â€Å"society is a unity which displays characteristics that cannot be reduced to those of its component individuals† (Giddens, 2). If we wish examine this theory in the context of the large number young males that commit suicide both in UK and worldwide, we will have to review the entire scenario from a new perspective and search for certain fundamental reasons that are driving all these young men to commit suicide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) more than 90,000 adolescents in the age group of 10-19 years commit suicide every year, while more than 4 million in this age range attempt suicide, worldwide (WHO, 2001), while in UK suicide forms to be the â€Å"The [second] biggest killers of boys and young men are suicide (10%)† (Boseley, Drink and drugs a leading cause of young deaths, 2009). It is seemingly impossible that such large numbers of young people committing suicide worldwide are doing so for the mere sake of some isolated personal reasons. So

What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using an Internal Change Research Paper

What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using an Internal Change Agent - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, an organization can plan for change by preparing for it; however, change must be managed for it to succeed. Barriers to change are common and may lead to failure; they may include lack of enough resources, resistance, and lack of commitment, among others. As a result, change agents are necessary; they may be internal or external agents. However, they should be capable of motivating others and guarantee progress (Recklies, 2011). Change agents take up the duty of introducing and managing change. Internal change agents can vary form managers to employees. An internal change agent is advantageous compared to an external change agent; for instance, they are familiar with the organization’s culture, political system and history (Nelson & Quick, 2010, p.633). In addition, the internal change agents are likely to ensure that they introduce and manage change effectively because they will be affected by the results of the change, since they are part of the organization. C hange agents should be capable of fostering communication, commitment, and support in the change process. This paper will discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of internal change management. Advantages of internal change agents An organization decides to hire change agents for several reasons; the special skills and knowledge they possess, capability of management decisions, and the capability of leading an organization towards success through change management. Incase an organization decides to hire an internal change agent, below are some of the advantages. The change management process assists the organization in understanding the type of change and the reason for change, and as a result, reducing the fear of the unknown. Internal change agents are advantageous, since they can easily communicate with employees; as a result, trust is gained fast because they are part of the organization. Internal change agents mainly comprise of managers of an organization or its employees ; many organizations choose to use change agents with an aim of achieving a competitive advantage (Gilley, 2001, p.9). In addition, internal change agents are efficient, especially when emerging problems require the understanding of culture, procedures, structure, practices, and policies of an organization. An internal change agent is easily acceptable in the organization, as he in a position of understanding the organization better, hence being accountable for his decision, which is advantageous in reducing security risks. It is also possible for an internal change agent to be more time and cost efficient, since he is already familiar with the organization system. The knowledge of organizational politics, resources, and culture is also an added advantage as the change agent is committed to long-term success (Gilley, 2001, p.10). Moreover, an internal change agent can also work as an external agent especially when working in different departments. In addition, there is guaranteed co nfidentiality and security, since the change agent is part of the organization. This change agent may easily trust and respect fellow employees, as they are a team. Internal agents are likely to benefit from the easy accessibility of information, which is not the case with external agents. This may be an added advantage

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Macroeconomics - Essay Example s New Zealand’s low rate of unemployment related to its slow economic growth, or is the low rate of unemployment related to its high rate of inflation? Is tight monetary policy contributing to the slow economic growth of the country? Is the high inflation contributing to low economic growth? These and many other questions remain unanswered. This paper aims at providing answers to the above questions. The paper intends to do this by gathering relevant information on unemployment, economic growth, inflation and monetary policy in New Zealand and evaluate it in relation to relevant theories so as to gain a reasonable basis for explaining seeming controversies identified above. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: section 2 provides information on economic growth, inflation, unemployment, monetary and fiscal policies in New Zealand; Section 3 provides a discussion of the facts outlined in section 2 in relation to relevant economic theories; and section 4 provides some conclusions and recommendations. According to Evans et al. (1996) New Zealand launched into a sequence of economic reforms following a constitutional and foreign exchange crisis in 1984. These reforms have been described by David Henderson (1995) cited by Evans et al. (1996) as â€Å"one of the most notable episodes of liberalisation that history has to offer†. The economic reforms included macroeconomic stabilisation and structural change. According to the OECD (2007) New Zealand began economic reforms 2 decades ago, which have laid the foundations for entrepreneurship and innovation in the country. The country maintains a well functioning product market, as well as a flexible labour market. In addition, the economy has been very open. (OECD, 2007). New Zealand also maintains world-class Public research organisations in many areas, especially in education and health. (OECD, 2007). Despite these positive aspects of the economy, the country has failed to maintain record levels of economic

Ampex VTR organization Essay Example for Free

Ampex VTR organization Essay After the second world war, the introduction of televisions opened way for the technological innovation of video recording. In the 1950s, there were major inventions in the video recording industry in the US and Japan. This case study involves the technological advancement in the video cassette recorders (VCRs) manufacturing industries. Six pioneering companies will be considered, namely; RCA and Ampex of USA, Japan Victor Company (JVC) and Sony, Toshiba and Matsushita all of Japan. JVC, Sony and Matsushita had the competitive advantage of management in this industry. They emphasized on opportunities that were more rewarding, productively positioned their technical efforts and executed these efforts in more productively. These companies learnt the market technological demands for videocassette recorders and produced in mass at limited costs. To prove their technological competence, these firms produced equipment with utmost sound clarity and consistently adhered to this. JVC was under pressure to come up with a common standard for its products which led to the advent of VHS system. RCA engineers came up with a video recording machine moving a narrow tape very fast past magnetic heads. At Toshiba, a recording head was made to rotate fast while the tape moved past at relatively slow speed (helical scanner). Despite these efforts, Ampex was the first to come up with a commercial video recorder. This VTR technology was patented but was soon shared out to other companies like RCA. Ampex failed to come up with a manufacturing capability for mass production despite the high performance designs. Ampex engineers opened up the helical scanner technology for broadcast recorder but Sony, JVC and Matsushita overtook them in this technology. RCA suggested the introduction of a television magnetic tape player but this was not considered by the management until later in 1958 in the design of VTR. Sony did not employ the method of market research but instead chose to insist on high technology and innovation. In 1950, Sony introduced the first Japanese magnetic recorder for sound and tape, followed by a TV camera and stereo tape recorder. In 1961, it unveiled the first fully transistorized VTR in the world. Matsushita was a diverse company dealing with a range of electrical appliances. To beat this companys success, the rivals developed cheaper appliances. The diversities in technology led to a need for international standards to govern this. Sony wanting to outdo its foreign rivals collaborated with JVC and Matsushita in the establishment of ? inch tape cassettes. Sony, JVC and Matsushita made strategic management of technology by learning through trials. These companies were persistent and flexible. Ampex and RCA in America lacked consistency in their strategic direction making them fail to sustain technical development. The Japanese companies had stable technical teams which ensured stability in the organization. Top managers were involved in making critical decisions. Ampex VTR organization was however marred with instability (Rosenbloom Cusumano, 1987). The basic VCR technology originated from the US and Europe although the Japanese industries have been successful in the industry. The success attributed to the Japanese industries was achieved by more improvements on the basic technology rather than just copying what the West had to offer. The advent of transistors, semiconductors and microchips greatly boosted the electronic industry in Japan.

Cap Nnaf Essay Example for Free

Cap Nnaf Essay Mr. Raghunath was happy that Rahul showed keen interest in his business but was worried about Ram who would always spend time with computers. He felt that if the interest of the two sons be put together they could start a flourishing business of their own. The boom in the IT industry made him find ways to satisfy his son’s dream. After college, the twins were drifting apart due to varied interest. Mr. Raghunath decided that this is the time for him to intervene and make decisions for his sons. He decided to start a computer business for his sons. He asked Rahul, a commerce graduate to draw up a proposal for the same. Rahul came out with the following ideas: The area they lived on ad run shop consisted of middle income group families and many of them did not possess computers at home Their shop could provide the following services: * Computer classes for various age groups. * Computer using facilities on payment per hourly basis and printing of documents from computers. * Internet access facility at the prevailing market rates by entering into contract with AIRTEL. * Computer games corer for children Rajiv jumped at the idea and they made up a common proposal. Rajiv wanted that they purchase 10 computers and start with first two areas of operation and expand when things go well. The shop they had at the market place was a single storey building. Their father offered to build the first floor and give it to them for their business. He spent `5,00,000 on construction of the facility and gave them `5,00,000 for the business. The sons went to bank and put up their proposal and managed to get a loan to the extent of 75% of the cost of computers ` 4,00,000 with printers. As the bank manager was aware of the credit worthiness of Mr. Raghunath, he advanced loan of `3,00,000. Total amount to be repaid will be `3,60,000 including interest in three annual installments as follows: * End of the first year = ` 1,30,000 * End of the 2nd year = ` 1,20,000 * End of the 3rd year = ` 1,10,000 (Where ` 1, 00,000 is the principal repayment) They started business on 1st April 2010. Rahul decided to deposit ` 4, 40,000 in the bank. He gave ` 1, 00,000 to computer company as 25% of the value of computers purchased and ` 3, 00,000 out of bank loan availed. He deposited ` 20,000 for electrical connection with the Electricity Board. He paid deposit of ` 1, 00,000 with AIRTEL for Internet connection. He used the telephone connection of the shop as there were two connections at the shop. The brothers got the computer cafe furnished by paying ` 50,000. Rahul got pamphlets printed and distributed at the cost of ` 4,500 in the surrounding colonies. All payments were to be made by cheques. All the receipts were in cash to be deposited in the bank on the same day. The students on the average paid a monthly fee of ` 500 for the three months computer evening classes. There were a number of internet subscribers and receipts on account of internet facility was ` 10,000 a month in the first quarter on an average. They decided to buy and sell computer stationery also like floppy, discs, CDs etc. At the end of the financial year, their results showed the following: | `| Total revenue including sale of computer stationery| 4,98,000| Purchase of computer stationery| 55,000| Electricity charges yet to be paid| 1,24,000| Telephone charges| 34,000| Petty expenses| 12,000| Entertainment expenses| 10,000| Maintenance expenses| 10,000| There was a helper at their father’s shop, who agreed to clean up the computer cafe and fetched water to various visitors. For the additional services, he was paid ` 500 per month. They withdrew `. 3, 000 by cheque each month for their personal expenses. They paid bank loan regularly. The father was pleased at their son’s efficiency. He wanted to expand business. Mean while Rahul received the pass book statement (for the end of March 2011) which showed the transactions as follows: Particulars| Deposit| Withdrawal | Balance `| Balance as on 1 march 2011| | | 4,76,500 CR| Fees remitted direct into business account. | 50,000| | 5,26,500 CR| Bank charges| | 500| 5,26,000 CR| Withdrawal by cheque no†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦| | 6,000| 5,20,000 CR| Payment by cheque no†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | | 6,000| 5,14,000 CR| Interest credited| 2,000| | 5,16,000 CR| Balance as on 31 march 2011| | | 5,16,000 (CR)| 1. Analyze the transactions and explain the rules applied as per double entry system of bookkeeping. 2. Journalize the above transactions. Post them into the ledgers and prepare trial balance. 3. Prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement and make necessary adjustment in the books of account. 4. Prepare Profit and Loss account and Balance Sheet. 5. Charge depreciation @25% on computers, @10% on furniture, 5% on buildings. 6. Paisa can be rounded off. 7. What are the basic assumptions and concepts applied by Rahul while preparing the above statements? 8. Calculate profitability ratios. 9. They approached bank for further loan. Compute the ratios the banker will require before granting the loan. 10. Comment on the efficiency of the business if the net profit and gross profit in similar type of business concerns are 20% and 50% respectively.

Normal Flora And Bacteria Identification Biology Essay

Normal Flora And Bacteria Identification Biology Essay The human body is naturally inhabited by a wide variety of microbes, collectively referred to as normal flora. To investigate the diversity of these microbes at different sites of the body, swabs were taken from the skin behind the ear and back of the throat and cultivated on blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates. Based on colony morphology and Gram staining, Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli were tentatively identified as the most prominent normal flora cultured from the skin and throat respectively. Aim: To cultivate normal flora present on human skin and in the throat using differential selective media. To identify the specific bacteria grown from each region by observing the morphology of the colonies on the agar plates and Gram stained slides. Introduction: The human body is inhabited by a wide variety of microbes. In a healthy human internal tissue are normally free of microorganisms whereas surface tissues are in constant contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by certain microbial species (Toddar 2005). The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora or normal biota. Each body surface has its own characteristic resident biota made up of particular microbial species (Ingraham Ingraham, 2004). The type of bacteria found in a certain location depends on environmental needs such as ideal temperature, pH, physiology and available nutrients. For example, areas such as the armpit, navel or the back of the throat harbour more microorganisms due to the added moisture, higher body temperature and greater concentration of skin surface lipids (Baron 1996). To aid in the isolation and identification of individual types of bacteria present in our normal flora specialized growth media can be used. Selective media is used to either encourage or inhibit growth depending on the phenotype of the organism. In addition, differential media can help identify between two closely related bacteria that have small phenotypic differences (Ingraham Ingraham, 2004). Blood agar and mannitol salt agar are examples of commonly used media that are both selective and differential, aiding in the growth promotion, identification and discrimination of common human normal flora. This study aims to investigate and identify the normal flora diversity found on the human body using these standard microbiology techniques. Methods: Resident bacteria were sampled from two anatomical sites, the skin behind the ear and the back of the throat. Blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates were used; incubation time was 24 hours at temperature of 37ÂÂ °C. Gram staining tests and haemolysis were applied to detect colonies and identify them. Results: A number of different colonies were observed on both agar plates following isolation of normal flora from the skin and throat. Table 1 outlines the colony description, blood agar haemolysis and subsequent Gram stain from both anatomical sites sampled. On both plates Cocci bacteria were identified; Gram positive were present at both BA plates, and Gram negative bacteria were only identified at the back of the throat. Types of haemolysis were also different: beta type for sample from the skin, and gamma type for throat sample. Table 2 presents the findings of normal flora colonies grown on mannitol salt agar. The differences between MSA colonies were more significant than between BA colonies: samples from the back of the throat were Gram negative, and samples from the skin behind the ear were Gram negative. Based on these observations and knowledge of the most abundant normal flora at each site, a preliminary identification of the bacteria isolated was made. The bacteria in the throat is most likely Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria is most likely to be identified at the skin. Table 1: Colony morphology and Gram stain of resident microbes from the skin and throat, isolated on blood agar. Site Colony Morphology Haemolysis Cell Morphology Gram Stain Throat Filamentous flat shaped Gamma Cocci Enterococcus aureus Escherichia coli Gram negative and Gram positive Skin Circular convex shaped Beta Cocci Staphylococcus aureus (25% common) Streptococcus pyogenes (5% rare) Gram positive Table 2: Colony morphology and Gram stain of resident microbes from the skin and throat, isolated on mannitol salt agar. Site Colony Morphology Colour Cell Morphology Gram Stain Throat Punctiform flat shaped No color Cocci Neisseria sp. Neisseria meningitides Escherichia coli Proteus sp. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Haemophilus Influenza Spirochetes Gram negative Skin Punctiform flat shaped Small pink or red colony Cocci Staphylococcus Epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Corynebacteria (Bacilli) Gram positive Discussion: To investigate the diversity of normal flora, areas from the skin and throat were sampled and the resident bacteria isolated on blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates, prior to Gram staining. BA plates are differential: MSA plates are selective and differential. Cultures grew on each half of the plates. The results obtained at BA and MSA plates are different; this may result from several factors: sampling variations, growth variations and approximateness of estimates produced by Gram staining. For throat swabs, results were negative and positive at BA plate, and only negative at MSA plate; for skin swabs, Gram results were positive at both plates. At both halves of the plates major colonies could be identified. Generally, it was expected to testify greater variety of bacteria at the throat swab compared to skin swab basing on the difference of environments (humidity, higher temperature, exposure to different microorganisms). During the experiment, a slightly greater diversity was indeed observed. Escherichia Coli was determined as major colony at throat sample because BA plate demonstrated gamma haemolysis and the throat swab shown Gram-negative results both times (and Gram-positive results only at BA plate). Different shapes of colonies also correspond to this identification as E. Coli does not have a particular cell arrangement. Staphylococcus aureus were determined as type of colony for skin swab since of its colony type, beta haemolysis reaction and Gram-positive stain, 25% common. Also, Staphylococcus aureus is common for the normal flora of humans found on nasal passages, skin and mucous membranes (Bauman 2008), In order to make more detailed analysis, it is possible to perform catala se test. To make a conclusion, the results of the experiment demonstrate the diversity and preliminary identification of common normal flora found resident on the skin and throat.

The Evolution of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay

The Evolution of Euthanasia      Ã‚   This essay will investigate the evolution of the practice of euthanasia in the one country that has promoted it steadfastly for some years. The surprising result of my studies for this essay is the revelation that the Netherlands' practice of euthanasia has become so liberalized that it is no longer recognizable as the same program that was originally legislated.    Euthanasia in the Netherlands has gone from requiring terminal illness to no physical illness at all, from physical suffering to depression only, from conscious patients to unconscious, from those who can consent to those who cannot, and from being a measure of last resort to one of early intervention. Although respect for patient autonomy is the main ethical argument in favor of euthanasia, power has passed almost exclusively into doctors' hands. Patient autonomy has been subverted by the unprecedented rights given by the courts to doctors to decide the fate of patients.    The public era of euthanasia in the Netherlands began in 1973, [1] when two significant events occurred. A government commission reported that the ban on active euthanasia should remain, and a doctor, after admitting killing her sick mother who wanted to die, was found guilty, and given a suspended sentence. Evidence was tendered that she had only done what was already commonly, though unofficially, done by many doctors. The court announced several conditions which, in its view, would justify the active killing of a patient. In 1981 and 1983, two courts reached similar conclusions.    A State Commission on Euthanasia decided in 1982, [2] that 'a doctor who terminates the life of a patient at the latter's expressed and serious desir... ...t of The Remmelink Report and the van der Maas Study in Euthanasia, in Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law. Ed Gormally L. The Linacre Centre 1994. p 219-240. 12. Id. p 230. 13. Pijnenborg L, van der Maas PJ, van Delden JJM, Looman CWN. Life terminating acts without explicit request of patient. Lancet 1993; 341: 1196-1199. 14. Van Delden JJM, Pijnenborg L, van der Maas PJ. The Remmelink Report; Two Years Later. Hastings Cent Rep 1993; Nov/Dec 24-27. 15. Fenigsen R. The Netherlands; New Regulations Concerning Euthanasia. Issues Law Med 1993; 9: 167-171. 16. Id. p 170. 17. van der Wal G, van der Maas PJ, Bosma JM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Willems DL et al. Evaluation of the Notification Procedure for Physician-Assisted Death in the Netherlands. New Eng J Med. 1996; 335: 1706-1711. 18. Mark Ludlow. Canberra Times. 17 November 1996.